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One of the main contributions of English scholarship to the subject, Madden’s work on Jewish numismatics builds on the achievements of his predecessors —Eckhel, Bayer, Cavedoni, deSaulcy and M.A. Levy. However, Madden not only takes into account their discoveries, but also subjects their results to withering criticism, concluding, for all his real modesty, with remarks that Jewish numismatics had been a neglected subject in England until his own time. Precursor of Hill's Catalogue, Madden work followed sound scholarly principles and didn't not publish any coin which Madden didn't see and tested himself. Michael Avi-Yonah, Professor of Archaeology at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, wrote that Madden's book, despite passage of time, has retained its value as "a record of many rare or unique examples of Jewish art, preserving spontaneity and directness in our contact with the Jewish past."
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Madden, Frederic W. was born in the British Museum to his father, Sir Frederic Madden, Keeper of the Manuscripts there on April 9, 1839. After finishing Merchant Taylor’s School, St. Paul’s, and Charterhouse, Madden became an Assistant in the Department of Coins and Medals of the British Museum. Having acquired the firsthand knowledge of the numismatic material which forms the subject of this and other works of his, Madden resigned from the British Museum in 1868, probably because of resignation of his father two years previously. From 1874, Madden serves as Secretary and Librarian of Brighton College and from 1888 until his retirement in 1902 he was its Chief Librarian; Madden died on June 20th, 1904. Madden became a member of the Royal Numismatic Society; he served as Society's joint Secretary from 1860 to 1868, and editor of the Numismatic Chronicle from 1861 to 1868.
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CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION.—PROGRESS OF THE STUDY OF JEWISH COINS......XLVII CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. A. SIMON MACCABÆUS, B.C. 143—B.C.
135.................................43 CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. CHAPTER XI. CHAPTER XII. TABLES APPENDIX.
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CHAPTER VII. MONEY STRUCK DURING THE FIRST REVOLT OF THE JEWS. GESSIUS FLORUS, who, as previously stated, succeeded Albinus in A.D. 65, proved even a greater tyrant than his predecessor. Already, under former Procurators, had the enmity of the Jews towards their oppressors found vent in many outbreaks, which only lasted for a short time. These insurrections were always quickly subdued, and the Jews only postponed their attempts for attaining independence to a suitable time. The conduct of Florus in oppressing the people helped to increase the feeling of hostility to Rome. It was owing to certain events happening at Cæsarea, that the Jews were brought into direct hostility with Rome. Two parties laid claim to the city, the Greeks and the Jews. The claim of the former finding favour with the Romans, and the religion of the Jews having been in several instances insulted by the inhabitants of Cæsarea, the Jews broke out into open rebellion. Florus, instead of hastening to Cæsarea to quell the flame of the war, further insulted the oppressed Jews by attempting to obtain seventeen talents from the treasure in the Temple, pretending ‘that Cæsar wanted them.’ We must pass over briefly the account of the fearful tumult that ensued, of Queen Berenice’s pleading barefoot before Florus, and only allude to the famous speech that Agrippa II. made to the Jews, entreating them to pause before they made war with Rome. It was of no avail. Hitherto, it had been customary for the governor of the Temple to offer sacrifices for the welfare of the Roman Empire; but Eleazar, the son of the High-Priest Ananias, refused to do so, massacred the Roman garrison, and remained master of the town for some time. Cestius Gallus, the governor of Syria, who had already suffered one defeat at Beth-horon from Simon, son of Gioras, advanced from his camp at Scopus towards Jerusalem. The Jews rushing forth repulsed the advancing Romans, and Cestius was obliged to retire. After three days’ delay, he again advanced, and the Roman army was completely defeated. This took place in A.D. 66. The part that Eleazar, son of Ananias, took in the history of which we are treating, was not of very long duration. Immediately after the defeat of Cestius Gallus, he was sent with others into Idumæa in military command, and nothing more is known of him . . . . . . is it not rather remarkable that the four years of the Revolt, during which time Jerusalem was continuously in the hands of the Jews (from the year A.D. 66—A.D. 70), should be so totally barren of Jewish numismatic history? Fortunately, the discovery of De Vogüé has supplied this deficiency, and though he has not obtained as many results from the coins of Eleazar as he might have done, this task has been undertaken by Levy, who has certainly made great advancement in the history of later Jewish numismatics.
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About
the Author -- History of Jewish Coinage and of Money in the Old and New Testament
