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Preface 13 Introduction: A Geographical Analysis of British Imperial Rule — The Case of Palestine 17 Methodological Argument 17 British Concepts of Development — The Imperial Basis 19 The Character of British Rule in Palestine 23 Palestine at the Time of British Conquest 26 a. The Rural Landscape 26 b. The Urban Landscape 28 c. The Jewish Community 31 d. Roads, Railways and Communications 33 e. Palestine in the Eyes of the British 37 Chapter One: The "Creation" of Palestine — Delimitation of Borders 39 Geographical Perceptions of Palestine 39 Political Factors in the Delimitation of Borders 44 a. The French Government and the Sykes-Picot Agreement 44 b. The Arabs and the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence 45 c. The Zionist Movement and the Balfour Declaration 46 d. The British Government and Representatives 46 Borders in the Making 47 a. Zionist Proposals 47 b. French Proposals 48 c. Arab Proposals 49 d. The British Position 50 Geographical Boundary Claims 52 a. The Southern Boundary: Agriculture, Transportation, Bedouins, Mining 53 b. The Eastern Boundary: Grain Fields 55 c. The Northern Boundary: Water, Transportation, Agriculture, Population 56 Strategic Arguments 59 Historical Boundary Claims 59 Final Decisions and Boundary Demarcation 61 a. The Northern Boundary: Rosh Haniqra to el-Hama 62 b. The Eastern Boundary: el-Hama to Gulf of Aqaba 64 c. The Southern Boundary: Gulf of Aqaba to Mediterranean 65 Demarcation Principles 66 Conclusions: Spatial Consequences of Delimiting Boundaries 67 Chapter Two: Concepts of Development and Administrative Organisation 70 Attitude of the Central British Government 71 Development Plans of the Military Authorities 76 Operational Principles of the Civil Administration 79 a. Early Ideas 79 b. From Conception to Implementation 83 c. Policy Changes in Light of the Realities 87 Legislative, Financial and Political Obstacles 92 Institutionalisation of Government and Territorial Jurisdiction 99 Organising Territorial Divisions 100 Organising the Administrative System 102 Communal and Personal Considerations 106 British Input and Geographic Influences 110 Conclusions: Aspirations versus Capabilities 113 Chapter Three: Building the Infrastructure of Palestine 117 Railroads 118 a. Improvements of the Military Administration 118 b. Political Impediments 120 c. Improvements of the Civil Administration 124 d. Development Plans 127 Roads and Highways 132 a. Improvements of the Military Administration 132 b. Development Plans of the Civil Administration 134 c. Political and Financial Pressures 136 d. Building the Roads 141 e. Management of the Roads 145 Seaports 148 Airfields 151 Communications 152 a. Postal Services 152 b. Telegraph and Wireless Services 154 c. Telephones 155 Land Reclamation 157 a. Afforestation and Stabilisation of Sand Dunes 158 b. Swamp Drainage 162 c. Building Activities 163 Conclusions: Laying of Infrastructure as an Articulation of British Policy 166 Chapter Four: Rural and Urban Development 170 Aid to the Rural Sector 170 a. Agricultural Reorganisation 171 b. Financial Assistance and Tax Reforms 175 c. Rural Health 178 d. Rural Education 182 e. Rural Road System 185 f. Status Changes and Aid to Non-Agricultural Works 186 Ownership and Sale of Land 188 State Lands 191 Cadastral Surveys and Mapping 195 Town Planning and Building Ordinances 198 Construction, Water Supply and Drainage Projects 200 Aid to the Urban Sector 205 The British Administration and Jerusalem 209 a. Jerusalem as the Capital of Palestine 210 b. British Development Projects in Jerusalem 212 Conclusions: British Influence on the Urban and Rural Sectors 217 Chapter Five: The Palestine Administration and the Jews 220 Jewish Immigration 221 Jewish Colonisation 226 Urban, Industrial and Commercial Development in the Jewish Sector 230 Transportation Links to the Jewish Colonies 238 Conclusions: Help or Hindrance to the Jews 241 Chapter Six: British Contribution to Landscape Change in Palestine 246 Stages of Mandatory Rule 248 Preconceived vs. Responsive Action 252 Asymmetry in British Development Policy 256 Regional Asymmetry 257 Sectoral Asymmetry 261 Communal Asymmetry 263 Administrative Weak Spots 266 Epilogue: Tradition and Innovation in British Activities in Palestine 269 General Administrative Activities 269 British Colonial Activities 270 Administrative Activities Exclusive to British Rule in Palestine 274 Bibliography 277 Index 280 LIST OF MAPS Proposals for the southern border of Palestine 54 The northern border of Palestine, 1920-1923 64 British Palestine 68 The development of the railway network in Palestine, 1917-1929 125 The development of the road network in Palestine, 1917-1929 135 Telecommunications in Palestine, 1929 157 Government health provisions in Palestine, 1929 180 Government schools in Palestine, 1929 184
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About
the Author -- AN EMPIRE IN THE HOLY LAND